Tag: GPSR

A. The new EU General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR)

The GPSR has been in force throughout the EU since 13.12.2024 and has therefore not yet been in force for a whole month. At the same time, Directive 2001/95/EC (the General Product Safety Directive) was repealed. Enforcement of the GPSR is therefore still in its infancy. In this respect, it will be interesting to see how the market surveillance and customs authorities as well as economic actors (in competition law) will deal with the numerous unresolved legal issues that are currently being discussed. Examples include

• the requirements for the electronic address in the form of an internet address, e.g. in the context of manufacturer labeling in accordance with Art. 9 para. 6 GPSR,
• the sometimes difficult to fulfill online requirements for the sale of used products in accordance with Art. 19 GPSR,
• consumer communication in accordance with Art. 35 para. 4 sentence 1 GPSR, which aims to reach as many users as possible, or
• the still unresolved relationship between the GPSR and CE law from the harmonized area with regard to Art. 9 ff. GPSR, i.e. the obligations of economic operators.

It is more or less certain that the European Commission will not be of any help in this respect. In any case, it makes it too easy for itself when, in the recently published FAQs (see below), it again insists – without any justification – that the GPSR should not have a “gap-filling function” in relation to CE law with regard to the obligations of economic operators. Brussels still does not seem to have realized that this view leads to untenable results in the application of the law in several respects. And the unsuccessful demarcation formula in Art. 2 para. 1 GPSR permits an umbrella function of the GPSR without further ado, if and because only “the specific requirements of Union harmonization legislation” are to take precedence. Supporters of the “separation thesis” would still have to explain why, for example, there should be neither importer nor distributor obligations for machinery that are consumer products in machinery law since 13.12.2024 – obligations that existed without further ado until 13.12.2024 because the General Product Safety Directive has an umbrella function, Art. 1 para. 2 subpara. 2 lit. b) Directive 2001/95/EC. The Commission has also played an ominous role in the interpretation of the GPSR to date. In view of the wording of the relevant provision(s), it remains unclear why, for example, the requirement for an electronic address should only be fulfilled if the link leads to a contact form. Nevertheless, the (in this respect identical!) statements from the governmental sector – the central Central Authority of the Federal States for Safety [ZLS] and the nationally responsible Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection [BMUV] see it no differently – should be taken seriously, because experience has shown that they will have a strong influence on enforcement in the European Union (EU).

As the European Commission has so far contented itself with FAQs “EU General Product Safety Regulation” that are as thin as they are uninformative, the guidelines explicitly mentioned in the GPSR are still missing. Against this background, it is to be expected that the following guidelines will be issued in the near future, even though the GPSR itself does not set a deadline for the European Commission to prepare or publish them:

• Guidelines for economic operators with specific reference to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), Art. 17 para. 2 subpara. 2 GPSR
• Guidelines for the practical implementation of the safety business gateway, Art. 27 para. 2 GPSR

The guidelines should also include a model template for technical documentation. Relevant drafts are available to us – they indicate that the European Commission would like to keep things rather simple and therefore industry-friendly in this respect. The fact that the model is not to be published until the GPSR came into force is, of course, in keeping with the image of an executive that has so far been of little help in ensuring legal certainty.

In this context, reference should also be made to the “Questions and Answers on the EU General Product Safety Regulation (Regulation (EU) No. 2023/988)” published by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection.

Finally, it is expected in the circles involved that the first impact for the purpose of concretizing the GPSR will be made nationally by the civil courts. This is due to the fact that the formal (labeling) requirements for marketability on the one hand and the information requirements for distance selling offers in general and online trading in particular pursuant to Art. 19 GPSR on the other hand provide fertile ground for genuine competition law attacks. This will presumably motivate some companies to take action against unwelcome competitors. Whether this will make a helpful contribution to the development of dogmatic structures for the purpose of better handling of the GPSR is more than doubtful in view of a whole series of, at best, strange civil court decisions on product safety law in the past.

B. Reform of the national product safety law

With regard to the GPSR, the national legislator was called upon to ensure an accompanying reform of the Act on the Making Available of Products on the Market (Product Safety Act – ProdSG) by 13.12.2024. After the ProdSG was only reformed in 2021 in order to adapt national product safety law to the EU Market Surveillance Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/1020) (which, of course, manifested itself in particular in the enactment of the Market Surveillance Act [MüG]), it is now necessary to synchronize the ProdSG 2021 with the GPSR.

However, the legislative process has actually stalled. The reason for this was the failure of the current coalition shortly before the GPSR was due to come into force on 13.12.2024. The relevant process was recently referred back to the committees (in particular the Committee on Labor and Social Affairs, the Committee on Economic Affairs and the Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection) because the FDP in particular expects “a smarter solution” from the new government that focuses on fewer “burdens for our companies” and more relief. The FDP is not least bothered by the high fines of up to EUR 100,000.00 for serious administrative offenses. Accoding to the FDP, this is too much, especially compared to Italy (EUR 50,000.00) and Austria (EUR 25,000.00) (see plenary protocol 20/202 of 04.12.2024, 26074 f.).

The ProdSG 2021 will therefore continue to apply until further notice, although it is now largely overlaid by the GPSR. The language for GPSR-specific information, instructions and warnings, which is provided for in Sec. 6 ProdSG-E, therefore remains unregulated. As is known, the planned regulation goes beyond Sec. 3 para. 4 ProdSG 2021. On the other hand, the fact that the numerous administrative offenses in Sec. 28 para. 2 ProdSG-E with reference to the GPSR have not yet been activated is positive for the industry. The continued application in areas that were not the focus of the reform legislator anyway is unproblematic. For example, the provisions on the GS mark in Sec. 20 ff. ProdSG 2021 is to remain virtually untouched, especially as this is genuinely national product safety law anyway. Non-harmonized B2B products, which admittedly rarely play a role, are and will continue to be measured against the ProdSG.

It remains to be seen whether the Committee for Occupational Health and Safety of the Federal States (LASI) will issue guidelines on national product safety law again after 2013 (3rd edition). Due to the declining importance of genuine national product safety law, this is unlikely to happen, especially as the LASI is likely to shy away from competing with the Commission in the interpretation of the GPSR. Nevertheless, this would be regrettable because the LASI guidelines are one of the tools in product safety law that actually offer added value because they are not only practical but also provide pragmatic solutions.

C. New EU toy regulation

The reform of European toy legislation was undoubtedly delayed recently after the process began on 28.07.2023 with the Commission’s proposal for a Regulation on the safety of toys (COM(2023) 462 final). However, it was recently reported from the government sector that the legislative process is nevertheless progressing. According to expert statements at the most recent market surveillance conference in Berlin, the new EU Toy Regulation should be ready for publication in the next two quarters.

The trilogue negotiations after the European elections did not start until fall 2024, after the Parliament in March and the EU Council of Ministers in May 2024 had determined their respective positions. In terms of content, the introduction of a digital product passport (DPP) will remain, which is intended to improve the possibilities of market surveillance authorities on the one hand and make it easier for consumers to access safety-related information (namely via a QR code) on the other.

As far as the DPP is concerned, there should not be several product passports – with a view to ecodesign regulation. Instead, a consolidation is planned in such a way that in future there will only be a single DPP for a single product.

D. Reform of national machinery law

After the new Machinery Regulation (hereinafter referred to as the “Machinery Regulation”) was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 29.06.2023, work began on the new national machinery law. These efforts recently found expression in the German government’s draft bill for the revision of machinery legislation (BT-Drs. 20/14145).

However, the essential elements of the new machinery legislation will not yet have to be observed in the current year 2025. Instead, the general provisions or the obligations of economic operators will not come into force until 20.01.2027, Art. 54 subpara. 2 Machinery Regulation. In the future, national machinery law will focus on a law implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2023 on machinery and repealing Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 73/361/EEC. We last saw comparable legislative techniques at national level in 2019 with the accompanying legislation to the European PPE and Gas Appliances Regulations, when the PPE-DG and the Gas AppliancesDG took to the stage. The Machinery Implementation Act (MaschinenDG) is intended to form Article 1 and thus the centerpiece of the underlying article law, which only consists of three articles.

The MaschinenDG will reflect the material scope of application of the EU Machinery Regulation (Sec. 1) and specify the German language in particular for the instructions and the EU Declaration of Conformity (Sec. 2). While Sec. 5 f. MaschinenDG deal with (relevant) market surveillance issues, Sec. 8 f. MaschinenDG regulate the provisions on fines (Sec. 8) and criminal penalties (Sec. 9). As usual, the criminal sanction provisions are unlikely to be of any practical relevance. However, there are currently no fewer than 25 (!) entries for administrative offenses, so that machine manufacturers in particular should take a look at the catalog in good time. Consequently, the start of application for the aforementioned Sec. 1 f., 8 f. MaschinenDG is set for 20.01.2027, Sec. 12 MaschinenDG. The fact that the 9th ProdSV (so-called Machinery Ordinance) is to be repealed with effect from 20.01.2027 follows from Art. 2, 3 para. 2 of the Article Law. The Machinery Ordinance, which is still valid until then, serves the purpose of transforming the provisions of Directive 2006/42/EC (the EC Machinery Directive) into national law. Due to the change of legal form in machinery law from a directive to a regulation, there will no longer be a need for national implementation of Union requirements in future. In this scenario, lean implementing provisions, which will be the subject of the MaschinenDG, are sufficient.

For further details: Schucht/Wiebe, EU-Produktsicherheitsverordnung. General Product Safety Regulation, 2025; Schucht/Wiebe, Die neue EU-Produktsicherheitsverordnung. General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR), 2024

Do you have any questions about this news, or would you like to discuss the news with the author? Please contact: Dr. Carsten Schucht

In the event of a recall, consumers must generally also be informed in writing in accordance with Art. 35 para. 1, 4 GPSR. According to Art. 36 para. 2 GPSR, the mandatory requirements that a written recall notice must fulfil include, among other things

• the heading ‘Product safety recall’,
• a clear description of the recalled product, including images, name, brand, product identification numbers, place and time of sale
• a clear description of the risk associated with the recalled product, avoiding certain terms that may affect consumers’ perception of the risk (such as “voluntary” or “in specific situations”),
• a clear description of the procedure for consumers, including a request to stop using the product in question,
• an explicit reference to the remedies available to the consumer in accordance with Art. 37 GPSR.

The Commission has now implemented these general requirements in the form of the template. However, the use of the template introduced by Implementing Regulation 2024/1435 is not binding for economic operators. Nevertheless, it can make it easier for economic operators to comply with the requirements of Art. 36 GPSR.

The content of the template is based on the mandatory legal requirements and emphasises the content by using red font. In addition, it offers economic operators the opportunity to add optional information to the recall notice; this includes, for example

• an optional apology,
• links to the economic operator’s social media/website,
• a QR code or another technical solution to get to the economic operator’s recall page.

Finally, the logo of the company and/or the logo of the market surveillance authority ordering the recall can also be included. In the event of a recall, recourse to the template is recommended in order to reduce possible sources of error and ensure conformity with Art. 36 para. 1 GPSR. The template can be implemented in an existing recall management system for this purpose. Although the GPSR only applies to the B2C sector, there is no reason not to follow the template in the B2B sector, even if classic recalls are the exception in this product sector.

Do you have any questions about this news or would you like to discuss it with the author? Please contact: Dr. Gerhard Wiebe

However, the right course must be set internally well in advance to ensure product compliance from the outset. This fundamental reform of European consumer product law will be flanked by a reform of national product safety law, which was initiated at the end of 2023 but has not yet been completed.

A. The new product safety regulation

On 23.05.2023, the new EU Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) of 10.05.2023 was published in the Official Journal of the EU. The GPSR will apply throughout the EU from 13.12.2024. At the same time, Directive 2001/95/EC (so-called General Product Safety Directive) is to be repealed. The GPSR will only apply to consumer products and will essentially bring about the following changes:

• Recognition of the fulfilment service provider (Art. 3 No. 12) and qualification of the fulfilment service provider as an economic operator (Art. 3 No. 13) – however, there are no specific obligations for the fulfilment service provider (in contrast to Sec. 6 para. 6 ProdSG).
• New criteria and elements for assessing the safety of products, such as confusability with food, attractiveness for children or required cyber security features (Art. 6).
• Obligation for manufacturers to carry out an internal risk analysis or to prepare technical documentation (with detailed risk analysis) for every consumer product, with no de minimis limit, Art. 9 para. 2.
• Specification of the substantial change by three criteria, Art. 13 para. 3.
• Linking the marketability of all consumer products to the existence of an EU economic operator (Art. 16).
• New (information) obligations for economic operators in distance selling from the moment the product is offered (Art. 19).
• New obligations in particular for the producer in the event of accidents in connection with consumer products (Art. 20).
• Special obligations for providers of online marketplaces (Art. 22).
• Reorganization of the Safety Gate law with the three elements Safety Gate rapid alert system for market surveillance authorities, Safety Gate portal for the public and Safety Business Gateway for economic operators and providers of online marketplaces (Artt. 25 ff.).
• Obligation to use the safety business gateway by economic operators and providers of online marketplaces, in particular for the purpose of fulfilling official reporting and notification obligations (see Art. 27).
• Requirements for informing consumers in the event of safety warnings and recalls (Art. 35).
• Detailed requirements for the design of a recall notice (Art. 36).
• Obligation of the economic operator to remedy the situation in the event of a recall, namely by offering repair, replacement of the recalled product with a safe product of the same type or appropriate reimbursement of the value of the recalled product (Art. 37).

The following aspects were discussed in particular recently:

• Firstly, the “e-mail address” that will be required in future, particularly for manufacturer identification and importer data, has been replaced by an “electronic address”, meaning that providing an “ordinary” internet address should also suffice without further ado.
• Secondly, the view is also gaining ground in the German discourse that manufacturers do not have to report every accident. Rather, only those accidents that lead to death or serious consequences for the health or safety of that person are correctly reportable. In any case, the relevance of these de minimis limits is suggested by other language versions (such as English or French) than the German version.
• Thirdly, the considerable (also financial) effects of a recall will foreseeably lead to avoidance strategies in the future: Not only will the safety warning become much more attractive as an alternative to a recall. It is also to be feared that in future any risks will be artificially “downplayed” in cases of doubt in order to avoid the need for action in the field in the first place. Contrary to the aims of the GPSR legislator, this would be a significant step backwards for consumer protection. With regard to the safety warning as an alternative, it should be noted that this must also be permissible under producer liability law in the Federal Republic of Germany. While this has been recognized in the area of non-consumer products or technical work equipment (so-called B2B products) since the so-called care bed decision of the BGH of 16.12.2008, the same does not (yet) apply to the area of consumer products (so-called B2C products). It will be interesting to see whether the regulatory requirements from Artt. 35 ff. GPSR will lead to a readjustment of producer liability case law in the medium term.
• Fourthly, the deadline of 13.12.2024 will have to be taken into account – by then, consumer products that do not comply with the GPSR must have been placed on the market. It should be borne in mind that placing on the market can also take place within a group of companies, for example, if the required transfer takes place between two legal entities.
• And fifthly and finally, as part of the risk analysis, it will make sense to assess the relevant assessment criteria for product safety from Art. 6 GPSR. Furthermore, the distinction between so-called complex products and “simple” (trivial) products must not be overlooked in this respect: In the case of simple products, a simple risk analysis is sufficient!

Incidentally, the fact that the legislator does not require absolute safety in the B2C sector remains unchanged: the definition of a safe product in Art. 3 No. 2 GPSR allows for minor risks (so-called trivial risks) if they are compatible with its use, are deemed acceptable and are compatible with a high level of consumer protection.

Finally, it is important to note that the GPSR also applies to B2C products in the harmonized area as part of its so-called umbrella function. It can therefore also be applied without further ado to CE-marked toys, electrical equipment or machinery. The scope of the subsidiary application of the GPSR is admittedly controversial due to the complicated and ultimately unsuccessful delimitation formula in Art. 2 para. 1 GPSR.

B. Reform of national product safety legislation

Following the recent extensive reform of national product safety law, another revision is pending. The Act on the Provision of Products on the Market (Product Safety Act – ProdSG) of 27.07.2021 and the new Act on Market Surveillance and Ensuring the Conformity of Products (Market Surveillance Act – MüG) of 09.06.2021 were only enacted in mid-2021 in order to adapt national product safety law to the EU Market Surveillance Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/1020). The national legislator is now called upon to synchronize the ProdSG 2021 with the GPSR, as the ProdSG 2021 is currently still the German transformation act for the implementation of Directive 2001/95/EC.

Accordingly, the German government presented a draft bill for the ProdSG on 25.10.2023 (hereinafter “ProdSG-D”). Even though the new ProdSG will serve to implement a number of EU legal acts, such as numerous directives from special product safety law and the EU Product Safety Regulation (GPSR), it will also retain its long-standing catch-all function, Art. 1 para. 3 ProdSG-D. This means that if no specific product safety regulations apply to a product, its marketability must be measured against the new ProdSG. This may become relevant for non-harmonized non-consumer products, for example. Although there are no longer many of these, this phenomenon still occurs in isolated cases. Unsurprisingly, the German language is then prescribed for consumer products when it comes to the language of information, instructions and warnings in implementation of the corresponding requirements of the GPSR, Sec. 6 ProdSG-D.

National sanction law is undoubtedly particularly important in national product safety law. In fact, the provisions on fines in Sec. 29 ProdSG-D are to be significantly expanded. While para. 1 is to have 21 numbers in future, the new para. 2 contains a catalogue of no fewer than 42 numbers. The latter sanctions only infringements of the GPSR. Against this background, it can be said without further ado that the ProdSG legislator has taken the mandate under EU law from Art. 44 para. 1 GPSR to define sanctions for breaches by economic operators and providers of online marketplaces of their respective obligations more than seriously. Following the recent consultation of the associations, the further legislative process remains to be seen until the new ProdSG 2023 is enacted.

C. The new Machinery Regulation

The new EU Machinery Regulation (hereinafter “Machinery Regulation”) dated 14.06.2023 was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 29.06.2023. However, the main components of the new machinery legislation will not yet have to be observed in the current year 2024. Instead, the General Provisions or the obligations of economic operators will not apply until 20.01.2027, Art. 54 subpara. 2 Machinery Regulation.

In fact, individual provisions already began to apply last year. Even if these are aimed exclusively at the national level, it should nevertheless be noted that, on the one hand, the EU Member States can already issue provisions on sanctions (even if these will naturally only take effect from 20.01.2027). On the other hand, the criteria and procedures for supplementing the list of machinery in Parts A and B of Annex I of the Machinery Regulation, Art. 6 para. 7 Machinery Regulation, apply. For this, a machine must not only present a serious inherent potential risk. It must also, for example, lack harmonized standards that cover the relevant essential health and safety requirements.

From 20.01.2024, Chapter V of the Machinery Regulation on the notification of conformity assessment bodies will begin to apply, namely with Artt. 26-42 Machinery Regulation. And from 20.07.2024, the Commission in particular will be able to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Art. 6 para. 2 of the Machinery Regulation to supplement the list of machinery in Parts A and B of Annex I of the Machinery Regulation with regard to the criteria already applicable under Art. 6 para. 7 of the Machinery Regulation.

D. Reforms in sectoral product safety law

The following EU legal acts will continue to be under observation in 2024

• Revision of Directive 2009/48/EC (so-called EC Toy Safety Directive)
• Revision of Directive 2009/125/EC (so-called Ecodesign Directive)
• Revision of Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 (so-called EU Construction Products Regulation)

As far as the new EU Toy Safety Regulation is concerned, the planned introduction of the digital product passport should be emphasized. This is to replace the previous EC Declaration of Conformity in future. In particular, the digital product passport will be accessible via a QR code. In addition, children are to be even better protected from chemical risks in future.

As far as the new Ecodesign Regulation, which is dogmatically part of product-related environmental law, is concerned, the current status of the negotiations indicates that the scope of application will remain as intended from the outset: Specifically, the intention is to move away from products that are initially energy-using and then energy-related in such a way that, in future, practically any product can be subject to the corresponding regulation, which focuses even more strongly on comprehensive sustainability. This applies, for example, to textiles, which have not yet been the subject of product-related implementing measures in ecodesign law. In terms of content, the digital product passport continues to be a particular focus. In Germany in particular, there is currently a dispute about the need to refer to the ISO/IEC 15459 series in the planned Ecodesign Regulation.

The legislative process for the new Construction Products Regulation also made progress at the end of 2023. According to the current status of the agreement, however, the current construction products legislation will continue to apply until 2039, meaning that a 15-year transition period will apply. In fact, this reform will probably not result in a major overhaul but will lead to a cautious further development of the existing Construction Products Regulation from 2013. Instead, the focus in the coming years will be on revising the harmonized standards, precisely because this process has recently stalled considerably. For this reason, the reformed Construction Products Regulation should give the Commission the power to issue harmonized technical specifications itself, so that the EU’s ability to act is maintained even in any blockade scenarios. Unsurprisingly, a digital passport for construction products is also to be included in future construction product legislation.

E. Ban on the import and sale of sky lanterns

Shortly before Christmas 2023, the Federal Council approved the new 15th ProdSV. According to Sec. 1 of the 15th ProdSV, the ordinance regulates “the ban on the import, placing on the market and making available of sky lanterns on the German market”. The specific prohibition follows from Sec. 3 of the 15th ProdSV. According to Sec. 2 of the 15th ProdSV, a sky lantern is an unmanned balloon-like flying lantern,

• in which the buoyancy is generated by an open fire source and
• which flies freely and without the possibility of control, whereby
• the fuel for heating the air may be solid, liquid or gaseous.

The ban also expressly applies if the “lantern” is referred to in concreto as a wish lantern or lucky balloon, for example, Sec. 2 para. 2 of the 15th ProdSV. This is intended to prevent any circumventions that attempt to evade the prohibition simply by using other product designations. Violation of the prohibitions can be sanctioned with a fine of up to EUR 100,000, Sec. 4 para. 1 of the 15th ProdSV. Repeated infringements can even be upgraded to a criminal offense – albeit under strict conditions – in accordance with Sec. 4 para. 2 of the 15th ProdSV.

The 15th ProdSV is the first ordinance issued by the federal government on the relatively new legal basis of Sec. 8 para. 2 ProdSG. This enables the federal government to issue ordinances to restrict or ban products “that pose a high risk to the safety or health of persons, animals, soil, water, the atmosphere or significant material assets.” With regard to sky lanterns, the German government assumes that there is a considerable risk to life and limb, especially as they can reach heights of up to 500 meters, travel up to several kilometres from the starting point depending on the wind strength and can burn for between 5-20 minutes (BR-Drs. 557/23, p. 1). The explanatory memorandum to the ordinance explicitly refers to the fire at Krefeld Zoo on New Year’s Eve 2019, in which over 50 monkeys, flying foxes and birds died as a result of an unlawfully launched sky lantern (BR-Drs. 557/23, p. 1, 4).

The 15th ProdSV will enter into force immediately on the day after its promulgation. This should be the case very soon.

F. Standardization of charging interfaces on the end device side

Certain categories or classes of radio equipment must meet new requirements regarding charging interfaces when placed on the market from 28.12.2024. Smartphones in particular, but also tablets, headphones, etc., must be placed on the market with a USB Type-C port from this date and, where applicable, support the UBS Power Delivery fast charging protocol. Laptops do not have to meet the new requirements until 28.04.2026, see Art. 1 No. 12 of the draft amendment to the Radio Equipment Act. The proposed legislation is based on Directive (EU) 2022/2380, which amends Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment (so-called EU Radio Equipment Directive). The aim of the regulation is to standardize charging interfaces on the end device side. The new regulation is intended to counteract market fragmentation with regard to charging interfaces and charging protocols for radio equipment. The legislative process to amend the Radio Equipment Act is nearing completion.

Do you have any questions about this news, or would you like to discuss the news with the author? Please contact: Dr. Carsten Schucht

The GPSR establishes the framework for the safety of non-harmonised consumer products and also applies in part to the harmonised area (cf. e.g. Art. 19, 20, 22 GPSR and Chapter VIII). The GPSR thus serves to strengthen technical consumer protection. At the same time, the innovations of the GPSR pose challenges for economic operators in ensuring product compliance.

In detail, the following innovations and special features should be highlighted:

I. Extension of the personal scope of application: fulfilment service providers and providers of online marketplaces

As in market surveillance law and the ProdSG, fulfilment service providers within the meaning of Art. 3 No. 12 GPSR are economic operators pursuant to Art. 3 No. 13 GPSR. However, the GPSR (in contrast to § 6 para. 6 ProdSG) does not specify any specific obligations of the fulfilment service provider.

What is new is the inclusion of providers of online marketplaces in the personal scope of application. Due to the broad definition according to Art. 3 No. 13 GPSR, there is much to be said for including them among the economic operators, as they are subject to obligations according to Art. 22 GPSR.

II. New assessment criteria for the safety of products

The EU legislator has established new criteria for assessing the safety of products. In doing so, special attention has been paid to elements of smart products that have not yet been included in harmonisation legislation and will therefore also apply in the harmonised area. The extensive catalogue in Art. 6 GPSR essentially comprises the following assessment criteria:

• Characteristics of the product (design, construction, technical features, instructions, packaging), Art. 6 para. 1 lit. a) GPSR
• interaction with other products, Art. 6 para. 1 lit. b), c) GPSR
• labelling of the product, Art. 6 lit. d) GPSR
• consumer-specific aspects (e.g. consumer groups concerned, gender-specific differences on health and safety), Art. 6 para. 1 lit. e) GPSR
• appearance of the product if it is likely to mislead the consumer into using the product in a manner other than that for which it was intended (Art. 6 para 1 lit. f) GPSR)
• cybersecurity features (Art. 6 para. 1 lit. g) GPSR)
• evolving, learning and predictive functions of the product (Art. 6 para. 1 lit. h) GPSR)

III. Obligation of the manufacturer to carry out an internal risk analysis

Manufacturers are obliged to carry out an internal risk analysis for each product without exception and to prepare technical documentation containing at least a general description of the product and its essential characteristics relevant for the safety assessment (Art. 9 para. 2 subpara. 1 GPSR). There is no minor clause that excludes less complex trivial products. Depending on the product risks, the manufacturer’s programme of obligations may become more stringent (Art. 9 para. 2 subpara. 2 GPSR). The manufacturer must keep the technical documentation for ten years (Art. 9 para. 3 GPSR).

IV. Substantial product change

Following the Blue Guide, Art. 13 para. 3 GPSR provides the legal practitioner with criteria for determining a substantial change to a product. According to this, a physical or digital modification of a product is considered to be substantial if it affects the safety of the product and

• alters the product in a way that was not envisaged in the original risk assessment of the product;
• the nature of the hazard has changed, a new hazard has arisen or the level of risk has increased as a result of the change; and
• the changes have not been made by or on behalf of consumers for their own use.

The person who substantially alters the product is deemed to be the producer and enters into the producer’s obligations (Art. 13 para. 2 GPSR). Although not explicitly mentioned, the assumption of the role of manufacturer logically presupposes that the product is placed on the market again.

V. Linking the marketability of all consumer products to the existence of an EU economic operator

In future, the marketability of non-harmonised consumer products will also be linked to the existence of a so-called EU economic operator (Art. 16 para. 1 GPSR). For harmonised products, a corresponding regulation was already introduced with Art. 4 para. 1 of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 (so-called EU Market Surveillance Regulation). The EU economic operator, who is usually the importer in the case of products from EU third countries, is subject to testing and labelling obligations (cf. Art. 16 para. 2, 3 GPSR).

VI. Traceability requirements

The GPSR opens up the possibility for the Commission to establish a traceability system. This is intended to facilitate the tracing of products that pose a serious risk to the health and safety of consumers (Art. 18 para. 1 GPSR). The central aspect will be the collection and storage of data by electronic means that can be used to identify the product, its components or the economic operators involved in its supply chain (Art. 18 para. 2 GPSR). The Commission is given the power to further develop the system, in particular to define the products covered (Art. 18 para. 3 GPSR).

VII. Reporting obligations in the event of accidents

Art. 20 GPSR sets out the obligations of economic operators in the event of accidents related to the safety of products. It is the primary responsibility of the manufacturer to report a product-related accident resulting in death or harm to health without delay (as soon as it becomes known) to the competent authorities of the Member State in which the accident occurred. The notification is made via the so-called Safety Business Gateway (Art. 20 para. 1 GPSR). Pursuant to Art. 20 para. 3 GPSR, importers and distributors must report such incidents to the manufacturer, who must then fulfil his obligation under Art. 20 para. 1 GPSR. If there is no manufacturer established in the Union, the EU economic operator must ensure notification (Article 20 para. 4 GPSR).

VIII. Special requirements and obligations in distance selling

The GPSR lays down special rules for the making available of products through distance selling channels. Consumer products are deemed to be made available on the market if they are offered for sale to consumers in the Union online or via other distance selling channels (Art. 4 GPSR). This creates a parallel to the provision fiction in market surveillance law according to Art. 6 of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020.

In addition, the GPSR imposes special information obligations on economic operators in distance selling pursuant to Article 19 of the GPSR. Accordingly, the following information must already be provided at the time of the offer:

• Manufacturer identification: indication of the name, registered trade name or registered trade mark as well as the postal address and e-mail address.
• Identification of the so-called EU economic operator (if the manufacturer is located outside the EU): Indication of the name as well as the postal address and e-mail address.
• Identification marking: product image and type and other product identifiers
• any warnings or safety information

Providers of online marketplaces are now also subject to these obligations. They must, for example, independently of other obligations of economic operators, designate a central contact point through which the market surveillance authorities can communicate with them. The providers must also register with the safety gate portal and store the details of this contact point there (Art. 22 para. 1 GPSR). Finally, they have the obligation to offer a comparable contact point through which consumers can communicate questions on product safety directly and quickly with the provider of the online marketplace (Art. 22 para. 2 GPSR). Furthermore, they are subject to organisational obligations (Art. 22 para. 3, 10 GPSR) as well as extensive reporting and cooperation obligations vis-à-vis the market surveillance authorities (Art. 22 para. 4 et seq. GPSR), so that they contribute to ensuring product safety.

Following on from Art. 35 GPSR, Art. 36 GPSR sets out detailed requirements for the design of a recall notice, which must be addressed to consumers in writing in the event of a recall. The recall notice must be formulated in a language that is easy for the consumer to understand and must meet certain requirements in terms of format and content (Art. 36 para. 2 GPSR). The Commission will provide a template to facilitate the handling of the rules by economic operators (Art. 36 para. 3 GPSR).

IX. Concrete requirements for consumer information

Economic operators and providers of online marketplaces must ensure that all affected consumers they can identify are informed directly and without delay about product recalls and other safety-related issues. If they collect personal data within the meaning of Art. 4 No. 1 Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (so-called General Data Protection Regulation), this information must be used for recalls and safety warnings (Art. 35 para. 1 GPSR). Moreover, according to Art. 35 para. 2 GPSR, economic operators are obliged to offer their customers the possibility to store separate contact details for safety purposes only. For certain products, more extensive registration options may also be made mandatory (Article 35 para. 3 GPSR).

Following on from Art. 35 GPSR, Art. 36 GPSR sets out detailed requirements for the design of a recall notice, which must be addressed to consumers in writing in the event of a recall. The recall notice must be formulated in a language that is easy for the consumer to understand and must meet certain requirements in terms of format and content (Art. 36 para. 2 GPSR). The Commission will provide a template to facilitate the handling of the rules by economic operators (Art. 36 para. 3 GPSR).

X. Obligation of the economic operator to remedy the situation in the event of a product recall

Although heavily criticised by the business community, the provision from Art. 37 GPSR was retained, which obliges economic operators to provide remedies to consumers in the event of a product safety recall. Without prejudice to civil claims, the economic operator responsible for the recall must proactively offer two of the following remedies free of charge to affected consumers:

• Repair of the recalled product,
• replacement of the recalled product with a safe product of the same type and of at least the same value and quality; or
• reasonable reimbursement of the value of the recalled product, provided that the amount of the reimbursement is at least equal to the price paid by the consumer.

This provision, framed as a regulatory obligation on economic operators, undermines the warranty law regime and, in a sense, creates an endless product safety law warranty right in the event of recall. This is likely to affect the prices of consumer products and the design of product liability and recall insurance.

XI. Future prospects

The GPSR will enter into force on the twentieth day after its forthcoming publication in the Official Journal of the EU. After a transitional period of 18 months, during which non-harmonised consumer products may continue to be made available on the market in accordance with Directive 2001/95/EC or the ProdSG (cf. Art. 51 GPSR), it will then apply directly in each Member State. In this respect, it can be expected to apply from the end of 2024. The GPSR triggers a need to adapt the ProdSG, the scope of which will concentrate on non-harmonised B2B products in the future.

Do you have any questions about this news or would you like to discuss it with the author? Please feel free to contact: Dr. Gerhard Wiebe